Five Things You Dont Know About Africa

Five Things You Don't Know About Africa 1. Africa isn't a nation Alright. You do know this, however individuals much of the time allude to Africa just as it were a nation. In some cases, individuals will really say, â€Å"Countries like India and Africa†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , however more frequently they essentially allude to Africa just as the whole landmass confronted comparative issues or had comparative societies or chronicles. There are, in any case, 54 sovereign states in Africa in addition to the contested region of Western Sahara. 2. Africa isn't all poor, rustic, or overpopulated Africa is a unimaginably various landmass strategically, socially, and financially. To get a thought of how people’s lives and openings vary across Africa, think about that in 2013: Future extended from 45 (Sierra Leone) to 75 (Libya Tunisia)Children per family ran from 1.4 (Mauritius) to 7.6 (Niger)Population thickness (individuals per square mile) went from 3 (Namibia) to 639 (Mauritius)GDP per capita in current US dollars ran from 226 (Malawi) to 11,965 (Libya)Cell telephones per 1000 individuals ran from 35 (Eritrea) to 1359 (Seychelles) (Every single above datum from the World Bank) 3. There were domains and realms in Africa some time before the cutting edge time The most popular old realm, obviously, is Egypt, which existed in some structure, from around 3,150 to 332 B.C.E. Carthage is likewise notable because of its wars with Rome, yet there were various other old realms and domains, incorporating Kush-Meroe in present-day Sudan and Axum in Ethiopia, every one of which went on for more than 1,000 years. Two of the more well known conditions of what is now and then alluded to as the medieval time in African history are the Kingdoms of Mali (c.1230-1600) and Great Zimbabwe (c. 1200-1450). These were both rich states associated with intercontinental exchange. Archeological burrows at Zimbabwe have uncovered coins and products from as distant as China, and these are nevertheless a couple of instances of the rich and incredible states that thrived in Africa before European colonization. 4. With the exemption of Ethiopia, each African nation has English, French, Portuguese, or Arabic as one of their official dialects Arabic has for some time been spoken generally in northern and western Africa. At that point, somewhere in the range of 1885 and 1914, Europe colonized all of Africa except for Ethiopia and Liberia. One outcome of this colonization was that after freedom, the previous states kept the language of their colonizer as one of their official dialects, regardless of whether it was a second language for some citizens.The Republic of Liberia was not in fact colonized, yet it had been established by African-American pilgrims in 1847 thus previously had English as its authority language.This left the Kingdom of Ethiopia as the main African realm not to be colonized, however it was quickly vanquished by Italy in the number one spot up to World War II. Its official language is Amharic, yet numerous understudies study English as an unknown dialect in school. 5. There are presently two female Presidents in Africa Another normal misguided judgment is that ladies are abused across Africa. There are societies and nations where ladies don't have equivalent rights or get regard equivalent to that of men, yet there are different states where ladies are lawfully equivalent to men and have broken the unreasonable impediment of governmental issues †an accomplishment the United States of America still can't seem to coordinate. In Liberia, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf has filled in as president since 2006, and in the Central African Republic, Catherine Samba-Panza was chosen the Acting President driving into the 2015 decisions. Past female heads of state incorporate, Joyce Banda (President, Malawi), Sylvie Kinigi (Acting President, Burundi), and Rose Francine Ragombã © (Acting President, Gabon).

Lesson Learned in Warfare Essay example -- Warfare

This paper looks at exercises discovered that are immortal in their pertinence for a wide range of fighting regarding the exercise materials talked about in the Warfare Studies course. The main exercise discovered that this paper analyzes is the United States’ versatility in light of changing nature of fighting. The United States has encountered different kinds of fighting extending from war of destruction, war of wearing down, or fourth-age fighting; the United States has no recognizable American method of war. Second, this paper takes a gander at the significance and suffering nature of fourth-age fighting and counterinsurgency activities. These occasions are staying put and will be huge later on clashes. The third exercise learned talks about America’s lack of common sense and groundwork for dependability, security, change, and reproduction tasks (SSTR) and exhibited the need to stay away from stovepiped, single organization arranging. The obvious absence of getting ready for SSTR activities seriously confounded and expanded the United States crucial Iraq. Fourth, America should consistently endeavor to be on the bleeding edge and keep up mechanical prevalence over our enemies all together over secure extraordinary focal points. Be that as it may, the United States can't exclusively depend on mechanical smart military to make progress. The last exercise learned talks about the developing pertinence of data IOP as a useful asset of war and its significance in forming popular feeling. The primary exercise learned is the versatility of United States to advancing nature of fighting. Flexibility is a trademark of the American method of war. The American method of war is generally connected with war of demolition in which focuses on unequivocal triumph or war of wearing down in which points fo... ...ia and Military Operations. Carlisle Barracks, PA: US Army War College, 2008. Murray, Williamson. â€Å"Decisive Battle and the Ghost of Napoleon.† Marine Corps Gazette 84, no. 7 (July 2000): 36-37. Parker, Geoffrey. â€Å"The Western Way of War.† In History of Warfare: The Triumph of the West, 2-9. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Day off, M. what's more, Dennis M. Drew. Making Twenty-first Century Strategy: An Introduction to Modern National Security Processes and Problems. Maxwell AFB, AL.: Air University Press (January 2006). Ulrich, Marybeth P., â€Å"A Primer on Civil-Military Relations for Senior Leaders.† In US Army War College Guide to National Security Issues, Volume II: National Security Policy and Strategy. third ed. Altered by J. Boone Bartholomees, Jr. Carlisle Barracks, PA.: US Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute (June 2008): 241-252.

Embracing Change The Season is Changing - Are You

Embracing Change The Season is Changing - Are You The first hints of Fall are creeping in. The mornings are crisp, and leaves are starting to turn. More than any year that I remember, I’m in a state of change myself as this season of change comes upon us. Most people resist change. We humans are creatures of habit, and even when we know we need to change in order to grow or be successful, we fight to hold on to our old ways of being. I am no different. One of the biggest things I have been changing is how I am as a team member. I have been doing a lot of work on being fun to work with â€" choosing, even when things are not going the way I want them to go, to be delightful instead of resentful and unpleasant. Making this change has entailed taking in some painful feedback, and getting on a core level that this feedback is for me, delivered with good will, and meant to make my life better. The Implications of Change This growth edge is extremely important for me as a business owner and as a speaker. My newfound attitude has helped me create a better customer experience for an important corporate client, maintaining their confidence even when we had some breakdowns. Any unwillingness to change on my part could have meant the end of that relationship. I am also seeing results in my speaking career. I’ve known for a long time that I have been weak in obtaining clients through speaking; people get a lot of information from me and then take it and go home, most often never contacting me again. I have not liked this. I have wanted it to change! But I kept doing things the same way I had been doing them, which all of us know is NOT a recipe for different results. Biting the Bullet Two months ago, I finally decided to hire a speaking coach, Denise Hedges, in hopes that I could turn things around. With a major presentation coming up September 20, this seemed like the right time to get serious. Now 4 sessions into a private coaching with Denise, I am finding out why I took so long to tackle this issue! This might surprise you, but Denise did not just tweak a few things here and there. She had me write a brand new introduction, delete half my slides, and craft a completely different offer, along with a new, unfamiliar script. And now I am having to practice all these things by myself, trying to remember the new phrases and organization. I’m feeling scared and very uncomfortable. I have been procrastinating. I do not like this! I don’t wanna!! And yet, I have done what she asked me to do, without (too much) complaint. Reaping Rewards When I practiced my new script with a friend, he said it was way better than anything he has heard from me before and that it addressed an issue he had noticed but hadn’t ever quite identified. He heard my offer as my truly wanting to be there with him, understand him, and help him, and he found me very relatable in my delivery. I’m expecting this presentation to be my best ever, and to create excitement in my audience about working with me that I have never created before. And I still want to cry every time I think about delivering my talk in a new way, or about practicing it â€" again. Here’s the thing. Growth is painful. It’s usually not fun, or at least it’s not fun until you get the results of your new way of being. Then it all becomes worth it. Your Turn The question to ask yourself is not whether you are resisting change, but how and where you are resisting it. I invite you to choose one area, as the leaves turn gold and purple, in which you will take a risk and weather the pain to get a new result in your life.

Vein Function - Definition and Diagram

A vein is an elastic blood vessel that transports blood from various regions of the body to the heart. Veins can be categorized into four main types: pulmonary, systemic, superficial, and deep veins. Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. Systemic veins return deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body to the heart. Superficial veins are located close to the surface of the skin and are not located near a corresponding artery. Deep veins are located deep within muscle tissue and are typically located near a corresponding artery with the same name.

The Synthesis Of A Medicinal Agent Essay - 938 Words

The Synthesis of a Medicinal Agent – Aspirin IDC 3002H – EMWH Dylan Chow 9/14/2016 Abstract: In this experiment, aspirin was synthesized from a reaction between salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. Acetic anhydride was added to salicylic acid to create a solution and phosphoric acid was added to catalyze the reaction. After the salicylic acid was fully dissolved in a boiling water bath, water would be added to decompose the remaining acetic anhydride. Through the process of filtration, aspirin crystals were collected and separated from the remaining acetic acid-water solution. Then, the product of the reaction would be weighed at 3.68 g and tested for purity. Overall, the experiment was successful in producing aspirin with little impurity. I. Introduction The purpose of the experiment is to produce common drugs from organic materials. In theory, the experiment tests the idea that the therapeutic drug aspirin can be synthesized from a reaction between salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. Because consuming pure salicylic acid, a derivative of willow bark, can caused stomach pains and be difficult to consumer due to its extremely bitter taste, producing aspirin is of great importance. Aspirin is pleasant to take orally and it only breaks down when it reaches the small intestine, causing little to no damage to the stomach. To meet the primary objective of producing aspirin, a reaction called esterification needs to be undergone. This reaction changes salicylic acidShow MoreRelatedDrug Classification System ( Atc )904 Words   |  4 Pagespharmaceutical drug, also called a medication or medicine, is a chemical substance used to treat, cure, prevent, or diagnose a disease or to promote well-being. Traditionally drugs were obtained through extraction from medicinal plants, but more recently also by organic synthesis. Pharmaceutical drugs may be used for a limited duration, or on a regular basis for chronic disorders. Pharmaceutical drugs are often classified into groups of related drugs that have similar chemical structures, the sameRead MoreSolid Phase Of Polymer Bound 2955 Words   |  4 Pages A 1,3,4-thiadiazole library was constructed by solid-phase organic synthesis. The key step of this solid-phase synthesis involves the preparation of polymer-bound 2-amido-5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole resin by the cyclization of thiosemicarbazide resin using p-TsCl as the desulfurative agent, followed by the functionalization of resin by alkylation, acylation, alkylation/acylation, and Suzuki coupling reaction. 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This is because people in rural and semi urban areas are devoid of proper medical facilities and since plants are easily available for them, theyRead MoreMedicinal Chemsitry1138 Words   |  5 Pages Topic: what is Medicinal Chemistry in the 21st century? | Name Kambura N. 201405016 | Lecturer:B.A. RickertsF Group | TABLE OF CONTENTS 1†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Cover page 2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Introduction: What is Medicinal chemistry? 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...Body: The pharmaceutical industry Global generics Chemistry in a nutshell 4†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ConclusionRead MoreCarbohydrates Case Study735 Words   |  3 Pages3.6.7. 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Ericksons Psychosocial Theory Free Essays

ERICKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY 1. Erickson’s Psychosocial Theory PSY 104-275 ERICKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY 2. ABSTRACT Erickson’s Psychosocial Theory, PSY 104-274. We will write a custom essay sample on Ericksons Psychosocial Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Erick Erickson was a psychologist that was born in Germany and became famous for his Theory of eight stages of development. Erick believed there were eight influential stages in a human’s life. At each stage, a unique developmental task confronts individuals with a crisis in which must be resolved. According to Erickson the crisis is not a catastrophe, but a turning point marked by both increased vulnerability and enhanced potential. Key Words: psychoanalytic, psychoanalysis, Autonomy, Generativity, Stagnation ERICKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY 3. ERICKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY 4. Erik Erikson was born in 1902 near Frankfort, Germany to Danish parents. Erik found himself in quite an identity crisis while growing up. He was a blonde hair blue eye Jewish boy that found it difficult to study in Jewish temple because of his looks. And in grammar school he was out casted for being Jewish. He also studied art and a variety of languages during his school years, rather than science courses such as biology and chemistry. He did not like the atmosphere that formal schooling produced, so instead of going to college he traveled around Europe, keeping a diary of his experiences. (Personality Theories, Dr c. George Boeree. ) After a year of doing this, he returned to Germany and enrolled in art school. After several years, Erikson began to teach art and other subjects to children of Americans who had come to Vienna for Freudian training. Erick than met a Canadian dance instructor named Joan Serson who was also teaching at the school where he worked. The couple married in 1930 and went on to have three children. In 1933 he came to the U. S. and took a teaching position at Harvard. In addition to teaching at Harvard he also had a private practice in child psychoanalysis. Later he held teaching positions at Yale, San Francisco psychoanalytic, Austin Riggs center and the center for advanced studies of behavioral Sciences. He published a number of books on his theories and research, including Childhood and Society and The Life Cycle Completed. His book Gandhi’s Truth was awarded a Pulitzer Prize and a national Book Award. Erick retired in 1970. He however continued to write, do research and occasionally lecture. In 1950 serious health problems ERICKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY 5. forced him into full retirement. Erick died in 1994 at the age of 91. (Personality Theories, Dr C. George Boeree. ) Erick Erickson was however probably known best known for is Psychosocial Theory. Erickson’s theory was one in which eight stages of psychosocial development unfold through out a humans lifetime. Each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis in which must be faced. (Santrock, 2008,16) The first stage, Trust vs. Mistrust, occurs from approximately birth to one year. Erikson defined trust as an essential trustfulness of others as well as a fundamental sense of one’s own trustworthiness. He also said that some mistrust is necessary to learn to discriminate between honest and dishonest persons. If mistrust wins over trust in this stage, the child will be frustrated, withdrawn, suspicious, and will lack self-confidence. (Santrock, 2008,16) The second stage, Autonomy vs. Shame Doubt, occurs between ages two and three. During this period it is important that the parents create a supportive atmosphere for their child so it can develop a sense of self-control without a loss of self-esteem. In this stage, Erikson said the child encounters rules, such as which areas of the house he is allowed to explore. (Santrock, 2008,16) The third stage, Initiative vs. Guilt, occurs between ages ERICKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY 6. four and five. This is the stage in which the child must find out what kind of person he/she is going to be. The child develops a sense of responsibility in which the child increases initiative during this period. If the child is irresponsible and is made to feel too anxious then they will have uncomfortable guilt feelings. Erikson believed that most guilt is quickly compensated for by a sense of accomplishment. (Santrock, 2008,16) Erikson’s fourth stage, Industry vs. Inferiority, occurs between six years and puberty. This is the period in which the child wants to enter the larger world of knowledge and work. One of the great events and influences of this time is the child’s entry into school. This is where he is exposed to the technology of his society: books, multiplication tables, arts and crafts, maps, microscopes, films, and tape recorders. However, the learning process does not only occur in the classroom according to Erikson, but also at home, friend’s houses, and on the street. (Santrock, 2008,16) Components of Erikson’s prior four stages contribute to the fifth stage, Identity vs. Identity Confusion. This occurs during adolescence. During this period the identity concern reaches climax. (Santrock, 2008,16) Erikson’s sixth stage, Intimacy vs. Isolation, occurs during young adulthood. Intimacy with other people is possible only if a reasonably well-integrated identity emerges from stage five. The main concern of Erikson’s seventh stage, Generativity vs. Stagnation, is to ERICKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY 7. assist the younger generation in developing and lead useful lives. When the individual feels that he has done nothing to help the next generation then they experience stagnation. The final stage, Integrity vs. Despair, occurs during late adulthood. This is the time in which the individual looks back and evaluates their life. If the previous stages have developed properly then they will experience integrity. If the previous stages have not developed in a positive way then they will feel despair. (Santrock, 2008,16) Erickson’s model has some advantages and disadvantages to it. One of the advantages is that it is a good model to follow in infancy and in early childhood when there is little or no communication being done between child and parents. The model sets a â€Å"measuring stick† to a child’s normal development that a doctor and parents can use to see if the child is developing behind schedule or ahead of schedule. This all also allows doctors and parents to possibly diagnosis a possible mental abnormality or learning disability. However I believe this model is good to use to assume only if a child is healthy. Once a child or adult is diagnosed with a mental illness of some sort the model cannot be really used anymore. The model also has limitations to it. As I mentioned in the prior paragraph once a child or adult is diagnosed with a mental illness the theory cannot be really only used to a degree. Dependent on what type of learning disability or mental disability the child or ERICKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY 8. adult may have the person may not be able to recognize these developmental needs that happen throughout his or hers life. The adult or child will heavily depend on his or her caretaker to either support these developmental stages for them or the caretaker may have to be the one that actually supplies these needs and offers the reassurance that is needed to person’s stages. The relevance to society this offers is that it shows us how a healthy individual should develop through life. It is a model for us to follow to know proper developmental stages of a human being from infancy to late adulthood. It helps parents know what is the â€Å"norm† for there children and if maybe there is something developmentally wrong. In older adults it also helps us guide our way into later stages of life. It may help people who feel that they have not been successful in society feel that they are in the normal. They may see that they have developed and contributed to what the normal is expected. This paper helped me realize that there was such a model to develop developmental stages. I realize looking back to my adolescence years I have hit these stages and remember dealing with these problems. It also prepares me for what’s ahead and what to expect in later developmental stages. Being better prepared for my upcoming stages should make my transitions through them much easier. ERICKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY 9. References Essential of lifespan development, John Santrock, University of Texas at Dallas, published 2008 Erickson’s theory of psychosocial development, Kendra Cherry, http://psychology. about. com/od/psychosocialtheories/a/psychosocial. htm Simply psychology, Erickson’ theory, Saul McLeod, published 2008, updated 2013. http://www. simplypsychology. org/Erik-Erikson. html#sthash. byyb8hC6. dpbs Personality Theories, Dr c. George Boeree. http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/erikson. html How to cite Ericksons Psychosocial Theory, Papers

Assignment Mulally free essay sample

Assignment # 3 ‘’ Alan Mulally, CEO, Ford Motor company â€Å" Leadership and organizational behavior- BUS 520 Abstract Leadership is guiding people towards productive results to achieve the goals of the organization. An effective leader has the ability to motivate and influence others. The following sources of power represent the engine of influence that they use effectively and ethically to achieve their goals, however, true leaders are supposed to make the employees work hard by giving their efforts and making sure that the goals and the mission of the organization are achieved.To be effective every leader should have the following competencies: Vision, Integrity, Honesty and Values Releasing Potential and Energy. The content of this paper is to outline the roles of leadership and how it affects organizational performance. It then discusses the role of Allan Mulally’s, CEO of Ford Motor Company, and leadership style. The paper also presents how mulally decision to set a goal has increased the company’s performance and mentioning how Allan Mulally’s openness has gained him trust and helped him to reach his goal. Alan Mulally moved to Ford in 2006. He had worked at Boeing since 1969. He had been chief engineer for development of the 777, and was later Vice President of Engineering for commercial aircraft. Mulally had no sales experience, and he wasnt a Detroit car man, â€Å"Much less a car man at all. He sold his Lexus after moving to Dearborn. Whats most impressive is Mulallys results oriented leadership style. His management is crisp and authoritative, although he defers to the firms design experts on the minutiae of the product lines.But on the big questions of the companys past mistakes and where its headed, Mulalley made key decisions that placed Ford in good stead. When mulally testified before Congress in December 2008, along with GMs Rick Wagoner and Chryslers Robert Nardelli, he announced that Ford would be able to survive the recession without a bailout. In 2006, Alan Mulally became the CEO of Ford. At the time, the company was relying heavily on their truck revenue and had several other lines that were not properly supported to earn the best revenue.Some of Mulally’s first decisions were to sell off some of their sub brands, namely Jaguar and Land Rover, and focus more on the small car lines that are becoming more popular with consumers. With a focus on the small cars, this would allow for the company to benefit from economies of scale and increase the profits from selling those cars. He also took out a $23 billion loan to help avoid needing the bailouts that would come 2 years later. Mulally threw away the politics involved in the vice president structure, forcing the weekly leadership meeting to be more about the success of the company than the squabbles of those leading it.He insisted that the vice presidents actually admit to their problems so they can be handled; having operations be labeled either green for going well, yellow for caution, and red for problems. The vice presidents were apprehensive of this at first, afraid to admit their problems and failures, but Mulally made it apparent he wanted to know these issues to resolve them, instead of to sweep them under the rug or assign blame. Finally, Mulally put forth a new mind set for the company; One Ford, involving a One Team, One Plan, One Goal setup.One Team focused on uniting the individual group in Ford into one cohesive team, each member helping out other members, no matter what project they are on or division they are in. One Plan was about restructuring to operate profitably, accelerate development to get new products that customers would want to buy out sooner, finance the plan, and work together as a team. Finally, One Goal was all about developing an exciting viable Ford with profitable growth. Mulally have a more hands on approach to leadership. He wants to know exactly where the company is and how they were going to get someplace better. This is shown with his color coded operations technique with the vice president meetings. His answers to problems weren’t just to shrug them off and go back to the status but rather how to proceed from where those problems brought them. Alan Mulally demonstrated organizational innovation; he used different methods of production and administration. Conveying his ideas and leadership, mulally exhibited his innovation that comprised the ideas from outside Ford in conjunction with those ideas from within Ford Motor Company.The message he portrays involves  planning initiation, execution, selection, and implementation of the objectives to achieve the goals set forth by his administration The success of an innovation is connected to a market forecast of customer needs and wants as well as effective management of the innovation  process. Concentrating on a fewer products to produce with a lot of improvement and service innovation involving the introduction of a new service that m eet the customers’ expectations. He has high regard for executive management and maintains open communication. Mulally has an agenda to serve and satisfy not only customers, but employees as well, increase market share, increase profits, and communication is at the top. Alan Mulally has a proven effective leadership style. He is persistent with innovative  processes that address issues within the organization to ensure successful development. His management responsibilities include reducing the risk; managing the customer interface; training and managing staff performance; and engaging Ford’s executive team.Highlighting how successful his tactic can be Mulally has insured his reputation as one of industry’s great leaders; it is well worth paying attention to what he says and learn from his leadership skills. Any successful leader has to know the plan, and areas that need special attention. There are challenging times to be a leader whether it is a cultural crisis, financial crisis, or environmental crisis, but, if one can learn from the experience of a leader such as Alan Mula lly, an organization will do just fine and be one of the respected models to follow and learn from.

Beowulf to Batman essays

Beowulf to Batman essays True Blue Revolutionaries or Tired Beowulf Reruns Beowulf to Batman: The Epic Hero and Pop Culture by Roger B. Rollins compares the design of the epic poetry to the design of todays pop culture. The epic poem refers to Anglo-Saxon poems such as Beowulf. Pop culture refers to movies, shows, and comics of today such as Batman and Spiderman. The main point of Rollins essay is to show the significance of epic poetry to the modern day pop culture. He does so by showing the connections between the two, and the similar purposes the stories serve. One basic similarity that Rollins mentions is Neither epic poets nor the creators of pop culture are true revolutionaries.(2) Different plots, heroes, villains, and other details make the stories appear to be new and innovative. Though the heroes, villains, and story lines are never the same, it is apparent that the same basic recipe is used to create each different story. The main ingredients for these stories are actually quite simple; first a level cup of Good versus Evil. Then a ja r of fighting for righteousness and apprehending the wrongdoer.(1) And of course a nice finishing coat of Good or Evil also known as value satisfaction. Add a little pinch imagination and two tablespoons of creativity, and a healthy helping on interesting details and there you have if an epic poem or a pop romance. Good versus Evil is incorporated in virtually every epic poem and pop romance. The hero in each story is represents good he is the embodiment of what the average citizen should strive to be. These heroes represent the Good; they are usually honest, clean, upright respectable people an archetype for the model citizen should be. The Good also represents what we would like to be. For example they can be extremely intelligent like Batman, outrageously handsome like James Bond, or amazingly strong and brave like Be ...

Polaroid Promotion Distribution Strategies

Polaroid Promotion Distribution Strategies Polaroid case Product cycle has three main stages; introduction, growth, maturity and decline, Polaroid is an international electronic making company whose products are in the decline stage. In the 1970 to 1990’s, the company’s products were enjoying a large market especially in the camera industry but the invention of instant camera turned around the company’s success.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Polaroid: Promotion Distribution Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When a company is in the decline stage, there are three main options opened to it; develop a products rejuvenation strategy, stop production or create a niche market by harvesting the product. The approach taken by Polaroid is to try to rejuvenate its products, in the efforts of building a brand identity, the company has embarked on massive promotional strategies using prominent musicians. The choice of the characters to v enture in its adverts is triggered by the target market of the company. Lady Gaga and Polaroid chairperson Bobby Sager are on the forefront leading the marketing campaigns. The company is using pull promotional strategies to penetrate the competitive electronic market dominated by Sony, Kodak, and Nikon. Polaroid is not alone in the decline stage; in the 1990’s and early 2000, General Motor Company (GM), enjoyed a large market share in the automobile industry, however the sale started to decline in 2003 until in 2008, an upcoming Toyota Motor company surpassed the GM in sales to be the world largest automobile. Although GM has not given up in the battle for market, its success is limited with its sales declining yearly. Panasonic is another company that is struggling to remain competitive in the changing electronic world. The company was among the world largest electronic producers only to reach its maturity stage in the late 1990’s. The company is heavily investing in modern technology and promotion to compete effectively in the internal arena (Paul Donnelly, 2010). Michael Moore case Business world has been ventured by unethical conducts, in the case of Michael Moore, to secure a contact; he is required to give kickback to the approving authority. The deal is meant to be complicated where the officials of the contacting authority want their 5% share included in the contract amount.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The official wants to corrode with Michael Moore to defraud the government of an eastern European country; on the other hand, Michael Moore can see a door of opportunity if he takes the contract. The situation in the case portrays how unethical, corrupt and irresponsible come people trusted in government offices have become. They are willing to corrode with suppliers for their own benefit. What is important to Michae l Moore is to uphold his integrity and professionalism and refuse the deal. After refusing the deal, he should ensure that the trend stops by informing relevant anticorruption bodies in the country. To create good relations with the companies informing the integrity authorities concerned, Michael Moore should emphasize and let them understand of his moral and professional standing. Through they may hate doing business with him now, in the future he will benefit from the actions. The deal the contracting officials wanted done was a violation of human rights and misuse of office and power. If corruption has to stop, in the business world, both parties to a deal should come out and defend business virtues and integrity. Business integrity and good name is precious than gold and wealth, it would be better to lay off the employees following national and international labour laws than to use corrupt means to remain in the business. Reference Paul P., Donnelly, H.(2010). Preface to Market ing Management. Boston: McGraw Hill.

Would Tesco Be Successful Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Would Tesco Be Successful - Essay Example Smith P.R. and Chaffey D. have argued that E-commerce is commonly thought to include e-tailing, online banking and shopping – it involves transactions where buyers buy and shoppers actually shop. Others suggest e-commerce is any transaction such as a support or an online catalogue search (Smith, Chaffey, 2002). Tesco’s history has shown that the dynamic vision of its bosses combined with the creative and innovative approach in strategy and market planning would pay off in spades. Initially, Tesco with its ‘Pile it high and sell it cheap’ motto, was able to strengthen its market position considerably. The aggressive market strategy, based on acquisition, further took the total number of stores to more than 600 in 1960s and thanks to Cohen, the largest supermarket of Europe came into being in 1961 in Leicester. 1970s and 1980s saw the rapid decline of Tesco primarily because of the low quality product. But under the dynamic leadership of Lord MacLaurin, Tesco underwent tremendous change. His business acumen was so sharp that he had realized early that introducing technology and building committed customer base would accelerate the growth of Tesco manifold. He introduced technology in the two main areas of sales and distribution and at the same time, made special efforts to attract the upper class by opening superstores with high end products. MacLaurin made many changes in the basic format of the store by not only introducing a whole lot of new products lines including non food items, clothes, home appliances, electronic goods etc. but stores in new formats like Tesco superstore, Tesco Metro, Tesco Express, Tesco Extra were also opened to meet all segment of the society. Tesco superstores were characterised by huge space and were designed to attract customers of all strata. It was followed by an intensive drive to make committed customers as members through clubcard so that they could offer their customer extra benefits.  

Logic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Logic - Assignment Example from The Pew Charitable Trusts and the John Templeton Foundation as part of the Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project, which aims to increase peoples knowledge of religion around the world. The text given above is one of the important findings of the survey. The source of the historical data is World Religion Database. There is a scientific validity to the survey as it involved interviews with more than 25000 people belonging to 19 countries, in more than 60 languages and it reflects the people’s beliefs, attitude towards other faiths, concerns and tries to assess the social and political order. A thorough analysis with reference to religion has been made with reference to the present state of the social order. However, the analysis is lagging behind with regard to the important aspect as to how it could be useful in repairing of the social order. The analysis of traditional religious practices provides strong clues to the reasons for the present status of the social structure. Also, motives or reasons for religious extremism with reference to the region are not touched upon. â€Å"In The Wealth of Nations, Smith (1965, pp. 740- 766) argued that self-interest motivates clergy just as it does secular producers;† (Iannaccone, L.R. and Berman, E). The report states unemployment, crime and corruption as bigger problems than religious conflict, though in some countries religious conflicts are the major problem. However, the people connected to activities of religious extremism and suicide-bombers were mostly unemployed youths from poor background according to the newspaper stories. The report has not however underlined the relationship, if any, that exists between religious extremism and unemployment or poverty. Working out a common minimum rules for the society comprising of various ethnic groups, communities and religion is the precursor to reforms. Once this is achieved, the religion could be effectively sidelined to the personal domains of the

The Fundamental Theory Of Supply And Demand Economics Essay

The Fundamental Theory Of Supply And Demand Economics Essay The theory of supply and demand is perhaps one of the most fundamental concepts of economics and it is the backbone of a market economy. The supply and demand model describes how prices vary as a result of a balance between product availability and consumer demand. Since contemporary economies rely on the market forces of supply and demand instead of government forces to distribute goods and services there must be a method for determining who gets the products that are produced. This is where supply and demand begin to work. By themselves the laws of supply and demand give us basic information, but when working together they are the key to distribution in a market economy. It is not enough for a buyer to want or desire an item. He or she must show the ability to pay and then the willingness to pay. So, demand is comprised of three things: Desire; Ability to pay; Willingness to pay. What factors alter a consumers desire, willingness and ability to pay for products? Some factors include consumers income and tastes, the prices and availability of related products like substitutes or complementary goods, and the items usefulness. Substitutes are goods that satisfy similar needs and which are normally consumed in place of each other. As the price of one substitute declines, demand for the other substitute will decrease. Butter and margarine are close substitutes. If the price of butter goes up, then people will tend to substitute margarine for butter. Complementary goods are those that are normally consumed together (e.g., DVD players and DVD movies). An increase in the price of a product will diminish demand for its complement while a decrease in the price of a product will increase demand for its complement. Think of the items usefulness this way. It is a hot summer day and you are gasping for a drink*. You come across a lemonade stand and gulp down a glass*. It tasted great so you want another. This second glass is marginal utility meaning an extra satisfaction a consumer gets by purchasing one more unit of a product. But now you reach for a third glass. Suddenly your stomach is bloated and you are feeling sick. Thats diminishing marginal utility! The law of diminishing marginal utility says that the more units one buys the less eager one is to buy more. In economics, demand is peoples desire, willingness and ability to purchase particular amounts of goods or services at certain prices in a given period of time. To the economists consumers make rational choices about how much to buy and how to spend their income on the products that will give them the greatest satisfaction at the least cost. So, demand describes the behavior of buyers. The law of demand states that the higher the price of a product, the fewer people will demand that product, that is, demand for a product varies inversely with its price, all other factors remaining equal*. Factors other than a goods price which affect the amount consumers are willing to buy are called the non-price determinants of demand. The law of demand expresses the relationship between prices and the quantity of goods and services that would be purchased at each and every price. In other words, the higher the price of a product, the lower the quantity demanded. Economists like to look at things graphically. A demand schedule is a table showing the number of units of a product that would be purchased at various prices during a given period of time. The information presented in a graphic form is called a demand curve. It shows an inverse relationship between the price and the quantity demanded. The demand curve represents the quantities of a product or service which consumers are willing and able to buy at various prices, all non-price factors being equal. The demand curve slopes downward from left to right based on the law of demand. Or to put it another way, a demand curve shows that the quantity demanded is greater at a lower price and lower at a higher price. The advantage of the curve is that it enables economists to see the relation between price and quantity demanded and to calculate approximately what the demand would be for those prices falling in between the prices that are in the demand schedule. Each point along the curve represents a different price-quantity combination. Demand schedule for cut jeans Price The quantity demanded $400 200 $350 500 $300 800 $225 1200 $175 1600 $100 2400 $50 3000 Increased demand can be represented on the graph as the curve being shifted to the right, because at each price, a greater quantity is demanded. An example of this would be more people suddenly wanting more cut jeans. On the other hand, if the demand decreases, the opposite happens. Decreased demand can be represented on the graph as the curve being shifted to the left, because at each price the quantity demanded is less. It means that fewer people want to buy cut jeans. The key point is to distinguish between demand and the quantity demanded. Demand refers to how much of a product or service is desired by buyers. The quantity demanded is the amount of a product that people are willing to buy at a certain price. The difference is subtle but important. If the demand of ice cream goes up in summer it is because consumptive demand has truly increased, clearly it is hot. In this case the business can most likely raise prices without suffering a cut in sales. This is a change in the quantity demanded. In winter the business incurs a sales fall at the same price. The only way out of increasing sales is to reduce the price. As a result of a price cut the increased sales of ice cream means that consumer demand has artificially been manipulated. In reality, actual demand is low but extra efforts have to be made to increase sales. This leads to a change in demand. Economists distinguish two different ways that the quantity of purchases of a product can change. According to the law of demand a change in price leads to a movement along the original demand curve and results in a change in the quantity demanded, that is, more will be purchased but only at a lower price. When one of the non-price factors changes (e.g., a change in income) there will be a change in demand. This change causes a shift of the demand curve either outward or inward in response to a change in a condition other than the goods price. It means that more or less will be purchased at the same price. All of the non-price determinants (changes in the size of the market, income for the average consumer, population size, the prices and availability of related goods, consumer preferences) are directly related to consumers. In other words, at any given price, consumers will be willing and able to purchase either more or less. Lets take a look at an effect a change in consumer preferences or desire for a particular product leads to. On the one hand, if a product like cut jeans becomes the latest fashion fad, demand at any given price will be increased and the demand curve shifts out. On the other hand, if there is a decline in the size of the market or a product becomes unfashionable then the demand curve shifts in. Thus, the only thing that can change the quantity demanded is a change in the market price, all other things remaining the same. While a change in demand results from changes of any of the non-price determinants, the goods price being equal. To understand better the theory of supply and demand it is necessary to know how much buyers and sellers respond to price changes. This responsiveness is called elasticity. Elasticity varies among products because some products may be more essential to the consumer. A good or service is considered to be highly elastic if a slight change in price leads to a sharp change in the quantity demanded. A price increase of a product or service that isnt considered a necessity will discourage more consumers to buy the product or service. On the other hand, an inelastic good or service is one in which changes in price bring about only modest changes in the quantity demanded, if any at all. Products that are necessities are more insensitive to price changes because consumers will continue buying these products despite a price rise. It is known as the price elasticity of demand. In economics, the price elasticity of demand is an elasticity that measures the nature and degree of the relationship between changes in the quantity demanded of a commodity and changes in its price. One typical application of the concept of elasticity is to consider what happens to consumer demand for a product when prices increase. As the price of a product rises, consumers will usually demand less of that product, perhaps by consuming less, substituting another product for it, and so on. The greater the extent to which demand falls as price rises, the greater the price elasticity of demand is. Demand is called elastic if a small change in price has a relatively large effect on the quantity demanded. The number and quality of substitutes for a product are the basic influence on price elasticity of demand. If the prices of substitutes remain the same, a rise in the products price will discourage consumers from buying this product. On the other hand, if there is a price cut in the product, consumers will substitute other items for this product. Thus, the demand for this product tends to be elastic. In general, demand is elastic for non-essential commodities (visits to theatres or concerts, holidays, parties, etc.) However, there are some goods that consumers cannot consume less of, and cannot find substitutes for even if prices rise. Some goods and services that are necessities, relatively inexpensive and difficult to find substitutes are said to have inelastic demand. To put it another way, a change in price results in a relatively small effect on the quantity demanded. The elasticity of demand also deals with the effect of a price change on the sellers total revenue, that is the amount paid by the buyers and received by the sellers of products. When the price elasticity of demand for a product is elastic, the percentage change in quantity is greater than the percentage change in price. Hence*, when the price is raised, the total revenue of producers falls, and the total revenue of producers rises, when the price is decreased. When the price elasticity of demand for a product is inelastic, the percentage change in quantity is smaller than the percentage change in price. Therefore, when the price is raised, the total revenue of producers rises and the total revenue of producers decreases, when there is a goods price fall. COMMENTS: to gasp for a drink à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ´ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ³Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸; to gulp down a glass à Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾/à Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ¹; all other factors remaining equal à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ° уà Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ², ц°Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾ уÑ Ãƒâ€˜- Ñ-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ€˜- Ñ„Ã Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã‹â€ Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã… ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’Ñ Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚  à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸; hence à Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ Ã‚ µ, à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ´Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸, à Ã‚ ² Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’Ñ‚Ã Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜-. Exercise 1. Read, translate into Ukrainian in writing and memorize the following economic terms and concepts. Complementary goods: the two goods tend to be consumed or used together in relatively fixed or standardized proportions. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Demand curve: the graphical representation of how demand for something varies in relation to its price. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Demand schedule: a table showing the quantities of a product that would be purchased at various prices at a given time. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Demand: the level of a consumers willingness, ability and desire or need that exist for particular goods or services. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diminishing marginal utility: each successive increase in consumption of a product or service provides less additional enjoyment or usefulness than the previous one. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Elastic demand: Demand for which a small change in price results in a large change in demand. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Elasticity: An economic concept which is concerned with a shift in either demand for or supply of an economic product as the result of a change in a products price. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Inelastic demand: Demand for which a large change in price leads to only a small change in demand. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Law of demand: the economic law that states that demand for a product varies inversely with its price. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Law of diminishing marginal utility: the economic law that states that for a single consumer the marginal utility of a commodity diminishes for each additional unit of the commodity consumed. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Marginal utility: the additional satisfaction a consumer gains from consuming one more unit of a good or service. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Price elasticity of demand: The degree to which demand for a commodity responds to a change in the price of this commodity. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Substitute: a product or service that partly satisfies the need of a consumer that another product or service fulfills. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Utility: an economic term referring to the total satisfaction received from consuming a good or service. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ TEXT Transactions require both buyers and sellers. Thus, demand is only one aspect of decisions about prices and the amounts of goods traded, supply is the other. So, supply is one of the two key determinants of price. The theory of supply explains the mechanisms by which prices and levels of production are set. Unlike demand, supply describes the behavior of sellers. In economics, supply relates to the quantity of goods or services that a producer or a supplier is willing to bring into the market (à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ² à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ¶) at a particular price in a given time period, all other things being equal. The law of supply states that the quantity of a commodity supplied (Ñ‚Ã Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬, Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ¹ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’Ñ Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ ) varies directly with its price, all other factors that may determine supply remaining the same. The law of supply expresses the relationship between prices and the quantity of goods and services that sellers would offer for sale (à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ¶) at each and every price. In other words, the higher the price of a product, the higher the quantity supplied. As the price of a commodity increases relative to price of all other goods, business enterprises switch resources and production from other goods to production of this commodity, increasing the quantity supplied. Clearly the law of supply is the opposite of the law of demand. Consumers want to pay as little as they can. They will buy more when there is a price decrease in the market. Sellers, on the other hand, want to charge as much as they can. They will be willing to make more and sell more as the price goes up. In this way they can maximize profits. (à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾ à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ±Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’шуà Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ±Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¸) The relationship between price of a product and its quantity supplied is represented in a table called a supply schedule. The supply curve is a graphic representation of the market supply schedule and the law of supply. The supply curve shows a direct relationship (à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’) between the quantities of products that firms are willing to produce and sell at various prices, all non-price factors (à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜- Ñ„Ã Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸) being constant. The supply curve slopes upward from left to right based on the law of supply. Producers supply more at a higher price because selling a larger quantity at a higher price increases their revenue. Supply schedule for cut jeans Price The quantity supplied $400 3000 $350 2400 $300 1600 $225 1200 $175 800 $100 500 $50 200 The supply curve enables producers to anticipate (à Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’ à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸) what the supply would be for those prices falling in between the prices that are in the supply schedule. Each point along the curve represents a different price-quantity combination, or to put it another way, a direct correlation between the quantities supplied and price. Like a movement along the demand curve, a movement along the supply curve will occur when a price change leads to a change in the quantity supplied (à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ-), that is, more will be offered for sale but only at a higher price or vice versa. Like a shift in the demand curve, a shift in the supply curve to the right or to the left means that the quantity supplied is affected by a factor other than a products price. (Ñ„Ã Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬ Ñ-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‹â€ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ¹ à Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ¶ ц Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ° Ñ‚Ã Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™) People often confuse supply with the quantity supplied. The difference between supply and quantity supplied is that Supply represents the amounts of items that suppliers are willing and able to offer for sale at different prices at a particular time and place, all non-price determinants being equal. The quantity supplied refers to the amount of a certain product producers are willing to supply at a certain price (à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã… ½ ц Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã… ½). A change in the price of the product will cause a change in the quantity supplied. Price is an important determinant of the quantities supplied. The law of supply states that the amount offered for sale rises, as the price is higher. The quantity of pairs of cut jeans producers are willing to offer for sale rises, since their price is higher primarily because they need to cover the increased costs of production. (à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ±Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’шà Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜- à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒâ€˜- à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸) Thus, according to the law of supply a change in price leads to a movement along the original supply curve and results in a change in the quantity supplied. On the one hand, an upward movement along the curve (Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ уà Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¶ à Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜- Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ¹ уà Ã‚ ³Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™) represents an increase in the quantity supplied as the price is raised. On the other hand, a downward movement along the curve shows a decrease in the quantity supplied as a result of a price reduction. When one of the factors other than a products price changes (e.g., a change in technology) there will be a change in supply. Economists use the term supply to refer to the original supply curve. An increase in supply is reflected by a shift of the supply curve to the right. It means that at the same price, sellers are willing to supply more than they were willing to supply before (à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ±Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ³Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜- à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜-шà Ã‚ µ). A decrease in supply is represented by a shift of the original supply curve to the left. It means that at any given price, producers are willing to supply less than they were willing to supply before. However, there are things other than price which affect the amounts of goods and services suppliers are able to bring into the market. These things are called the non-price determinants of supply. As it has been mentioned a change in the quantity supplied caused only by a change in the price of the product. A change in supply is caused by a change in the non-price determinants of supply. Based on a new supply schedule (à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ · à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜- шà Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ-), the supply curve moves inward or outward since the prices stay the same and only the quantities supplied change. Non-price determinants of supply are: Changes in the cost of production. Production costs relate to the labour costs and other costs of doing business (à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ- à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °) used in production process. The cost of production is probably one of the most important influences on production process. An increase in the costs of any input brings about the lower output, which means that the supply curve will shift inward. Regardless of the price that a firm can charge for its product, price must exceed costs (à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸) to make a profit. Thus, the supply decision (Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒâ€˜-шà Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚  ц°Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ-) is a decision in response to changes in the cost of production. Changes in technology. Changes in technology usually result in improved productivity. Improved technology decreases production costs and therefore increases supply. Changes in the price of resources needed to produce goods and services. If the price of a resource used to produce the product increases, this will increase the production costs and the producer will no longer be willing to offer the same quantity at the same price. He will want to charge a higher price to cover the higher costs. As a result the supply curve will shift inward. Changes in the expectations of future prices. Changes in producers expectations about the future price can cause a change in the current supply (Ñ-Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã… ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ ) of products. If producers anticipate a price rise in the future, they may prefer to store their products today and sell them later. As a result, the current supply of a particular product will decrease. In this case a supply curve will shift to the left. It is necessary to keep in mind that supply is not the quantity available for sale. (à Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜-Ñ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’, Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ° ц à Ã‚ ² à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜- à Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚  à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™) Changes in the profit opportunities. If a business firm produces more than one product, a change in the price of one product can change the supply of another product. For example, automobile manufacturers can produce both small and large cars. If the price of small cars rises, the producers will produce more small cars to earn higher profits. They will shift the resources of the plant from the production of large cars to the production of small ones. Therefore, the supply of small cars will increase and a supply curve will shift outward. So, profit opportunities encourage producers to produce those goods that have high prices. Changes in the number of suppliers in the market. Potential producers are producers who can produce a product but dont do it because of relatively low price. If price of a product rises potential suppliers will switch over production to that product to make more profit. If more producers enter a market, the supply will increase, shifting the supply curve to the right. Making a summary it is necessary to emphasize that the understanding of concepts of supply and demand provides an explanation of how prices are determined in competitive markets. (à Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ¹ Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ º) An important concept in understanding supply and demand theories is elasticity. Comprehension of elasticity (Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚  à Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜-) is useful to understand the response of supply to changes in consumer demand in order to achieve an expected result or avoid unforeseen consequences (уà Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ²). For example, an entrepreneur expecting a price increase might find that* it lowers the profits if demand is highly elastic, as sales would fall sharply. Similarly, a business reckoning on a price cut might find that* it does not increase sales, if demand for the product is inelastic. In economics, the price elasticity of supply is the degree of proportionality with which the amount of a commodity offered for sale changes in response to a given change in the going price. In other words elasticity of supply is a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a particular product responds to a change in the price of that product. Elasticity of supply works similar to elasticity of demand. If a change in price results in a large change in the quantity supplied, supply is considered elastic. On the other hand, if a great change in price brings about a small change in the quantity supplied, supply is called inelastic. Here are the determinants of price elasticity of supply: the ability of producers to change the amount of goods they produce time period needed to alter the output. Elasticity of supply is different in the short run and the long run. The quantity of a product supplied in the short run differs from the amount produced, as manufacturers have stocks of finished products (à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ³Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜- à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ- ) as well as raw materials which they have to build up or reduce. In the long run quantity supplied and quantity produced are equal but it takes time to adjust supply to current demand and going prices. For example, supply of many goods can be increased over time by allocating alternative resources, investing in an expansion of production capacity, or developing competitive products that can substitute for hot items. Hence, supply is more elastic in the long run than in the short run. COMMENTS A different price-quantity combination Ñ-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‹â€ Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã‚ ±Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ  ц Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ Ñ‚Ã Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜-; an entrepreneur expecting a price increase might find that à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’, Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ¹ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’Ñ Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚  à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚  ц Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸, à Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ³ à Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸, ц°Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾; a business reckoning on a price cut might find that à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’, Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ¹ Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚  ц Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸, à Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ³ à Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸, ц°Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾. Exercise 1. Read, translate into Ukrainian in written form and memorize the definitions of the following economic terms and concepts. Elastic supply: Supply for which a percentage change in a products price causes a larger percentage change in the quantity supplied. à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ : à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ  à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ° Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜- à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ² ц Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜- Ñ‚Ã Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’ à Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾ à Ã‚ ±Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’шà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜- à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ-. Elasticity of supply: The degree to which supply of a commodity responds to a change in that commoditys price. à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ-: à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚  à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ° Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ  Ñ‚Ã Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™ Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ³Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™ ц Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ Ñ‚Ã Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™. Inelastic supply: Supply for which a percentage change in a products price causes a smaller percentage change in the quantity supplied. à Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ : à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ  à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ° Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜- à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ° ц Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ Ñ‚Ã Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’ à Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾ à Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‹â€ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜- à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™. Law of supply: the economic law that states as the price of a commodity that producers are willing and able to offer for sale during a particular period of time rises (falls), the quantity of the commodity supplied goes up (decreases), all non-price determinates being equal. à -à Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ½ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ-: à Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜-ц¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ¹ à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ½, Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ¹ Ñ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ , ц°Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾ ц Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ° Ñ‚Ã Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™, Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜Ã†â€™ à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ³Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜- Ñ‚Ã Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜- à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚  à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™ à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ¹ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ´ ц¡Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™, à Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  (Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ), à Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜-Ñ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’ à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ³Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾ Ñ‚Ã Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™ à Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  (Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’Ñ Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ ), à Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜- à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜- à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã‹â€ Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã… ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’Ñ Ãƒâ€˜   à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸. Quantity supplied: the amount of a product that producers are willing and able to sell at a certain price during a time period, all other factors that may determine supply remaining the same. à Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ-: à Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜-Ñ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’ Ñ‚Ã Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ², Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜- à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ³Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜- Ñ‚Ã Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜- à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜- ц Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¶ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ³Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™ ц¡Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™, à Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜- Ñ -à Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ€˜- Ñ„Ã Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸, Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜- à Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’ à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-ÑÅ ½ à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã‹â€ Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã… ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’Ñ Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚  à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸. Supply: the total amount of a commodity available for purchase by consumers. à Ã… ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ : Ñ Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜-Ñ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’ Ñ‚Ã Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ² à Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ à Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚  à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚  Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸. Supply curve: the graphical representation of how supply varies as prices change. à Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ-: à Ã‚ ³Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ€˜-ц¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ±Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚  Ñ‚Ã Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ³Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾, Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ º à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ  à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã… ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’Ñ Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚  Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾ à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã… ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã… ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’Ñ Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚  ц Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸. Supply schedule: a table showing the quantities of a product that would be offered for sale at various prices at a given time. à Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ-: Ñ‚Ã Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ , ц°Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  à Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜-Ñ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’ Ñ‚Ã Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™, Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ¹ à Ã‚ ±Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ¹ à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ¶ à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ° Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜- ц Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¶ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ³Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾ ц¡Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™.

Gladwell Power of Context Analysis

Gladwell Power of Context Analysis Common belief in todays society would most likely base an individuals behavior on factors such as genes, upbringing, personal convictions, a persons history, personality, etc. These factors seem like reasonable and logical conclusions, but which is most significant? Is there anything missing? Malcolm Gladwell, a writer for The New Yorker and author of The Tipping Point: How Little Things Make a Big Difference, has a special desire to come up with an answer to this question.In the chapter â€Å"The Power of Context: Bernie Goetz and the Rise and Fall of New York City Crime† Gladwell examines this interesting question and comes up with an answer of his own. According to Gladwell the different conclusions listed above do play a role in determining how one behaves but are not the most significant factors. Gladwell believes that the immediate environment has the most significant influence on ones behavior, also referred to as his Power of Context theory.Although Gladwell understands that this theory might sound a bit crazy to most he stands by his belief by offering different means, both directly and indirectly, to help persuade his readers into accepting this â€Å"radical idea†. Gladwell presents a number of different studies which help substantiate his claim. He begins the chapter by discussing the transformation of the New York City subway system that took place in the late 1980’s. In the years leading into the transformation conditions on the subway were extremely poor with crime rates at a all time high.The Broken Window Theory, based on the same premise as the Power of Context according to Gladwell, was put into effect resulting in a dramatic decrease in the crime rate. Another study, held at Stanford University, examined what causes prisons to be such a nasty place; â€Å"was it because prisons are full of nasty people, or was it because prisons are such nasty environments that they make the people nas ty? † This study concluded that certain situations are powerful enough to â€Å"overwhelm people’s inherent predispositions. In other words, the participant’s surroundings caused what we consider mentally healthy people to crack and break down. In addition to the previous two studies mentioned, Gladwell also cites another study conducted by Princeton University. This study suggested that what you hold in your heart and your thoughts are less important in guiding your behavior than the immediate context; disproving the idea that personal convictions guide the way one behaves. Evidence is effective in Gladwells effort to convince readers that the immediate environment influences behavior significantly, but is not his only means in doing so.In addition to providing evidence to validate his claim, Gladwell also employs the use of rhetorical strategies. Rhetorical strategies are efforts made by an author to help persuade their readers into accepting their main argume nt. Recognizing such strategies is crucial when effectively examining and analyzing texts because it gives readers the power to decide how they choose to respond to an authors (Gladwells) view. Without this valuable knowledge readers are more susceptible of falling victim to this strategy and are more willingly ready to accept his claim.With that being said, it is essential to recognize the rhetorical strategies used by Gladwell to properly examine and evaluate his argument. In an effort to sway reader into accepting his claim Gladwell links his Power of Context Theory with the Broken Windows Theory. Gladwell makes the decision to connect one another when discussing the success of the Broken Window theory in the transformation the New York subway system; asserting that they â€Å"are one and the same. Gladwell understood that he was likely to meet much opposition in respects to his claim, especially from those who do not believe the environment plays a role in determining ones beha vior. A majority of people would concur that other factors play a much more significant role when determining behavior; as he himself even acknowledges his claim to be a â€Å"radical idea. † Such resistance would greatly threaten Gladwells attempt in persuading his readers. Gladwell attempts to undermine opposition by linking his theory to another, one in which has already been proven to be successful.Doing so not only allows Gladwells audience to see his theory applied in real life situations but also helps build credibility to his claim as well. This strategy is quite clever in his attempt to persuade the reader; without doing so his audience would likely still have some doubts regarding his claim and whether or not changing the environment plays a key role in shaping personality. Evaluating this strategy leads to the conclusion that showcasing the relationship between the Broken Window theory and Gladwells claim helps better his chance of persuading his readers.Another pe rsuasive strategy used by Gladwell is citing scientific evidence from different prestigious universities around the country. Gladwell discusses studies including the prison study done at Stanford and the Good Samaritan study done at Princeton as well. Gladwell anticipated that many people would not accept such a â€Å"radical idea† if he was the only one who has working to prove his claim to be true. By citing such universities Gladwell effectively removes the opposition from those who might not believe this is an important topic and would simply ask, â€Å"Who cares? By stating these major universities held studies it helps persuade readers that this topic is not only important in the academic community but to a degree also to be important to our country as a whole. Gladwell understands most of his readers are assumedly intelligent so citing such information might help sway the hesitant into believers. Essentially, Gladwell implies that his claim is one of great importance without coming right out and saying it.Without doing so many people would stick with their convictions and hold the belief that this topic is not one of any importance; leading to a rejection of his claim all together. Finally, another strategy used by Gladwell in his text was acknowledging other factors indeed play a role in influencing ones behavior. Gladwell does so after citing both studies done at the different universities, stating in one instance â€Å"This does not mean that our inner psychological states and personal histories are not important in explaining ones behavior. By acknowledging other factors as playing a role he avoids the resistance of those who believe that those factors are the only factors that influence our behavior. Gladwell refers to his idea as being hard to accept on numerous different occasions throughout his text, leading one to believe he anticipated resistance from those who had trouble accepting his claim about environment playing the biggest role in influencing behavior. This aspect of the text increases reader’s likelihood of accepting Gladwells claim because it shows that he is not rejecting common belief, but adding his take on it.Rejecting a person’s belief will not only anger them but also decrease any chance at getting them to accept your argument. Gladwell understands this fact and hopes to avoid this problem by agreeing with what he assumed his readers would be feeling. If Gladwell decided not to do so I belief he would face a bigger challenge in changing the way people think about behavior and might not have been as successful in his attempt to persuade his readers. As evident throughout this essay, Gladwell offers different means, both direct and indirect, to help persuade readers into accepting his claim.Gladwells direct use of evidence sets a solid foundation on which he can place his argument that the environment significantly influences ones behavior. Providing evidence helps substantiate his arg ument while his use of different rhetorical strategies assists his efforts in persuading his readers to accept it. Identifying such strategies is beneficial because it allows you to make an informed and educated decision on whether or not you agree with Gladwells c

Character of Mrs. Sparsit in Hard Times

MRS. sparsit is an elderly lady who is highly connected and have a huge aristpcratic bvackground. her husband belonged to the family of â€Å"POWERLS†. Scadgers†¦. she is a widow now, fallen yupon evil days to take up job. She works as a housekeeper olf mr. Josiah Bounderby. bounderby treats her in the most polite manner and never fails to pay compliments and regards to her excellent background. Mrs. Sparsit is very much proud of her coonnectipons.The jnovelist descxribes her as a p;erson haveing dense black Coriolanian eyebrows and a thick roman nose with classical eyes.. o stress on her aristocratic background in a satirical way. dickens have also mafde her the object of satire with reference to her pride and vanity for her high connections. It is because of this pride that sjhe shares her employers contempt for the workers. It is due to this disdain she treats Stephen Blackpool with total lack of symparthy when he comes tp Bounderby to discuss his matrimonial troubles. she even regards him as an â€Å"Impiety of people†. Bounderby's decesipn top marry Loiusa ; Gradgrind's daughter is obviously unfavourable to MRs.Sparsits, bu t she dint utterd a word against it,. Bounderby was aware of her dissaproval regarding his marrige so hi took a bottle of smelling salts witrh him under the impression that she wou;d faint on hearing the unwelcomed news. But to the utter surprise of Bounderby she saw no sign of trouble or dissaproval on her face. Instead she looked at him in a pityful manner and extended her goodwishes to bounderby. BOunderby seems to understand mrs. sparsit well therefore he asserted at once dat his housekeeper woyuld not be abel to beer the site of hiss would be wife.

Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens Essay examples - 983 Words

Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens Scrooge has become one of the most commonly know characters from Charles Dickens’s novels, in the respect that he is the most horrible and callus of all his characters, this dastardly individual was used to convey a serious social message about the extreme neglect of Victorian employees. The first chapter of ‘A Christmas Carol’ prepares the reader for the rest of the novel. Dickens does this by creating antipathy for scrooge and by introducing gothic elements to prepare the reader for the arrival of the spirits later on in the book. In the 18th century Charles Dickens was one of the most important†¦show more content†¦By describing and showing scrooges behaviour towards others Dickens is allowing the reader to make a judgement of scrooge for themselves. Scrooge’s attitude to his late, only friend, Marley, shows how cold and unfeeling scrooge is: â€Å"An excellent man of business on the very day of the funeral† Scrooge had been partners with Marley for many years and yet he chose to conduct business rather than attend Marley’s funeral. This shows the reader that relationships, no matter how well forged, were irrelevant to Scrooge where money and business were concerned. This quote also emphasises how unfeeling scrooge was. Scrooge treats his nephew with no respect and is dismissive and rude when his nephew invites him to Christmas at his house. â€Å"every idiot who goes about with ‘Merry Christmas on his lips should be boiled with his own pudding†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Scrooge is saying he doesn’t want anyone to celebrate Christmas never mind his nephew. He is very cold hearted towards his nephew and the quote is an example of scrooge’s callous behaviour to him. When the ‘portly gentlemen’ (charity) ask for money from scrooge for the poor scrooge says: â€Å"If they would rather die†¦. They had better do it and decrease the surplus population† This quote is showing scrooge at his most callous. Scrooge isShow MoreRelatedCharles Dickens and A Christmas Carol1613 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Dickens and A Christmas Carol: Famed British author, Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812, in Portsmouth, England. He was the second of eight children, living in a poor neighborhood in London. His parents were John Dickens, a naval clerk, who always lived beyond his means. Married to his mother Elizabeth Dickens, who aspired to be a teacher and a school director. Dickens went to William Giles’ school in Chatham, Kent, for approximately one year before his father’s money habitsRead MoreA Christmas Carol By Charles Dickens1139 Words   |  5 Pages The book I have chosen is A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens. It has been rewrote few times but I wanted to pick the author that started it all. Charles John Huffman Dickens lived from February 7th,1812 – June 9th,1970 making him 58 when he died. He was buried Westminster Abbey. His mother and father were John and Elizabeth Dickens. He had seven siblings four brothers and three sisters. During his life he was married to his wife Catherine Dickens from 1836 to the day he died. Together they hadRead MoreA Christmas Carol (Charles Dickens)1144 Words   |  5 PagesCharles Dickens believed it was up to him to inform the people of Britain of the social problems occurring around Britain. While Dickens was a young man, he suffered from poverty along with his mother and father. His father was imprisoned for dept and Charles wanted to become a social reformer. Dickens used these problems as themes for his book ‘A Christmas Carol. These themes involve poverty, pollution and a c hanging of ways. Dickens used Scrooge, the main character in the book at first to showRead MoreA Christmas Carol By Charles Dickens1160 Words   |  5 PagesCharles Dickens began writing the famous story â€Å"A Christmas Carol† in October 1843 and wrote excitedly during the next six weeks. He completed the narrative at the end of November so that it could be published by the time it was Christmas. It came out on December 17, 1843 and sold out in only three days (Molly Oldfield). The expression â€Å"Bah! Humbug†, a line repeated many times in the story by its main character, a miserable and bitter fellow by the name of Ebenezer Scrooge, has become a well-knownRead MoreCharles Dickens A Christmas Carol Essay922 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Bah, humbug!† This well-known phrase is popular thanks to Charles Dickens’ A Christmas Carol. In this literary classic, Dickens tells the story of Ebenezer Scrooge, a â€Å"tight fisted...covetous old sinner† (12). Through a series of hauntings by various Christmas ghosts, Scrooge realizes the error of his ways and changes completely into a warm-hearted, generous man. Scrooge’s tale is a familiar one; countless movies have been filmed, plays have been produced, and references made in other storiesRead MoreCharles Dickens A Christmas Carol1316 Words   |  6 PagesIt can be easily depicted that Christmas is a time of the year to share joyfulness. In Charles Dickens’ A Christmas Carol, Ebenezer Scrooge is a character that is effortlessly described as a hardheaded cold man. It is simple to judge the character of Scrooge in this manner, but it is important to recognize the change in his personality throughout the story. Scrooge’s transformation happens very quickly, but he becomes generous and caring only when he is forced to see himself through a stranger’sRead MoreA Christmas Carol By Charles Dickens1293 Words   |  6 PagesCharles Dickens presents many sh ort stories and novels. He is greatly known for his short fiction and later theater play, â€Å"A Christmas Carol†. In one short story, a reader could describe it as Charles â€Å"other† Christmas story, an elderly narrator reminisce of holiday past. There is a range of appeal in the story itself from comforting memories of loved toys to leaving the reader with an eerie feeling of various childhood haunts. The reader’s analysis of Dickens use of vivid detail together with hisRead MoreA Christmas Carol By Charles Dickens1331 Words   |  6 PagesChristy Mak 12/21/15 Period three Scrooge Changes In the story, A Christmas Carol, by Charles Dickens, Scrooge is the main character. In the beginning of the story, he is shown as an old miser counting and gripping his money in the counting house. Later on, Scrooge’s dead business partner, Marley, has visited Scrooge from the grave while being bounded in chains to warn Scrooge to change his ways or suffer the same fate. Soon, three ghosts are sent to visit Scrooge to show him scenes thatRead MoreA Christmas Carol By Charles Dickens914 Words   |  4 PagesFew characters in Christmas literature personify the antithesis of the season like Ebenezer Scrooge. Penned in 1843, Charles Dickens classic, A Christmas Carol has been told and retold. It has become a fixture of the season. So ingrained in our culture, is this story, that everyone knows the name Scrooge and the negative connotation that accompanies it. But what if, instead of just a cranky old miser, Ol Ebenezer Scrooge was more of a rather observant social commenta tor? In order to defendRead MoreThe Life Of Charles Dickens A Christmas Carol1062 Words   |  5 Pageslasted from 1832 to 1901 under Queen Victoria’s reign. The culture revealed in this era was a time of rapid change, social inequality, industrialization, supernatural and religious beliefs, and was accurately reflected in the works of Charles Dickens, A Christmas Carol. Roles of men and women were strictly defined, as were economic statuses. The hustle and bustle of the streets led to illnesses. Working conditions were destitute and unsanitary. Children often had little to no education, unless very